IMPACT AND ASSESSMENT OF ILLEGAL FISHING ON RIVERINE BIODIVERSITY IN THE EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY.

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa

doi:10.51168/sjhrafrica.v6i6.1652

Authors

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa Mangosuthu University of Technology P.O. Box 12363 Jacobs 4026 Durban, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51168/sjhrafrica.v6i6.1652

Keywords:

Depletion, Overexploitation, Harvesting, Illegal, Subsistence, Permits, Unemployment

Abstract

Background

Subsistence fishing, while a livelihood source for many, significantly impacts freshwater and marine biodiversity through overexploitation and illegal practices. This study investigates the ecological and socio-economic effects of subsistence fishing, with a particular focus on the drivers and challenges of illegal fishing, despite existing regulatory efforts.

Methods

A mixed-methods approach was used, combining spatial analysis to identify ecologically sensitive fishing areas with quantitative survey data from 32 subsistence fishers across designated fishing zones. A structured questionnaire captured demographic profiles, fishing practices, permit status, and perceptions of fisheries regulations.

Results

This study confirms that illegal subsistence fishing continues to threaten biodiversity conservation, with 67% of participants acknowledging the use of unsustainable fishing methods such as gill nets and harvesting during breeding seasons. 59% of respondents were unemployed, and 72% lacked formal fishing permits. 62% were male and 38% female, with the majority citing poverty, limited alternative livelihoods, and poor policy awareness as key reasons for noncompliance. Additionally, 81% of fishers reported that they had never been engaged in community consultations or regulatory planning. Spatial mapping revealed several fishing hotspots overlapping with protected or sensitive aquatic habitats, intensifying the ecological risks. Weak enforcement, limited patrols, and a shortage of trained extension officers were cited by both fishers and local authorities as major obstacles to effective policy implementation.

Conclusion

Illegal subsistence fishing poses a direct threat to biodiversity, and current regulatory frameworks are inadequately enforced. Without community engagement and socio-economic support, conservation objectives are unlikely to be met.

Recommendations

To mitigate biodiversity loss and improve compliance, fisheries management must integrate community-based enforcement, expand awareness campaigns, and develop alternative livelihood programs. Strengthened institutional capacity and participatory governance are essential for sustainable resource use and inclusive policy outcomes.

Author Biography

Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa, Mangosuthu University of Technology P.O. Box 12363 Jacobs 4026 Durban, South Africa

Dr. Sibonelo Thanda Mbanjwa is a dedicated lecturer in the Department of Nature Conservation at Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), South Africa. He holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and specializes in biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and environmental education. Dr. Mbanjwa is deeply committed to community engagement, student mentorship, and the integration of indigenous knowledge systems into conservation practices. His work bridges academia and practical application, empowering students and communities through innovative teaching, research, and outreach initiatives.

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