Student's Journal of Health Research Africa

Understanding the epidemiology of Ebola Bundibugyo virus (EBV) in selected populations: a cross-sectional study in Buhendera and Bwamba counties, Bundibugyo district.

Nzanzu Twalibu — 2026-06-11

Background:

Bundibugyo district has an estimated population of 224,387 people. Ebola Bundibugyo was first identified in 2007, leaving over 150 people infected and over fifty-six deaths recorded, giving 40% fatality rate.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was carried out in the six study sites, selected from each county. Risk factors, distribution, endemicity, and mode of action and transmission of this strain were examined. Risk factors, distribution, and endemicity were assessed using systematic sampling, mode of action, and transmission, and the anatomy was examined using the WHO standards of Automated or semi-automated nucleic acid tests (NAT) and antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:

This research examines the general epidemiology of Ebola Bundibugyo among selected populations in Bughendera and Bwamba counties in Bundibugyo district. Bundibugyo had high cases, although these were not from the place where the first case was reported. The virus spread through movements, followed by Kasitu, who is believed to have reported the first case, Harugale, Busaru, Bubukwanga, Nduguto, and Karugutu. The majority of males (58.6%) said that they were involved in activities like collecting fruits from the forests, including hunting 41.4% were female who remained home waiting to cook what their male counterparts had brought from the forest. 72.2% reported that their relatives did not have access to the medical facilities. This indicates that healthcare facility accessibility was significantly related to EBV.

Conclusion:

The Ebola-Bundibugyo strain had a high fatality rate at 40%. The study revealed that cultural risk factors were more responsible for this distribution and severity of EBV.

Recommendations:

Ebola preventive messages should be incorporated into the routine health education scripts of the Ministry of Health of Uganda and the East African countries.

Evaluation of spinal trauma: CT versus MRI in detecting ligamentous and cord injury—an observational cross-sectional study.

Dr Prashant Kumar Sinha — 2026-06-21

Background:

Spinal trauma is a major cause of morbidity and disability, requiring prompt and accurate diagnosis. While Computed Tomography (CT) is widely used for initial assessment, its limitations in detecting soft tissue injuries necessitate the evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as a complementary modality. The study compares the effectiveness of CT and MRI in detecting ligamentous and spinal cord injuries in patients with spinal trauma.

Methods:

This prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months in a tertiary care hospital and included 120 patients with suspected spinal trauma. All patients underwent CT followed by MRI within 48 hours. CT was evaluated for fractures and indirect signs of ligamentous injury, while MRI assessed ligamentous and spinal cord abnormalities. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated, and correlation with neurological deficits was analyzed.

Results:

Most patients were aged 31–50 years (45%), and road traffic accidents were the commonest cause of injury (56.7%). CT and MRI showed comparable fracture detection (102 vs 104 cases). However, MRI detected significantly more ligamentous injuries (86 vs 38) and spinal cord injuries (78 vs 22). MRI demonstrated higher sensitivity (94% vs 62%), specificity (91% vs 88%), PPV (93% vs 80%), and NPV (92% vs 72%) than CT. MRI findings correlated strongly with neurological deficits, identifying abnormalities in 70 patients compared with 28 detected by CT.

Conclusion:

MRI is superior to CT in detecting ligamentous and spinal cord injuries, while CT remains highly effective for fracture assessment. A combined CT–MRI approach provides the most accurate evaluation of spinal trauma and supports optimal clinical management.

Recommendations:

CT should be the initial imaging modality in acute spinal trauma, while MRI should be performed in patients with neurological deficits, suspected ligamentous injury, or inconclusive CT findings to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide treatment decisions.

Investigating the prevalence of multidrug-resistant enterobacterales at a quaternary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A retrospective cross‑sectional study of ESBL-producing isolates.

Phumzile Sikosana — 2026-06-07

Background:

The emergence of multidrug‑resistant Enterobacterales (MDRE) presents a major challenge in healthcare settings due to limited therapeutic options and increased morbidity. Extended‑spectrum β‑lactamases (ESBLs) confer resistance to multiple β‑lactam antibiotics and are widely disseminated through plasmid‑mediated mechanisms, compromising the effectiveness of commonly used antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales (ESBL‑PE) and describe associated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns at a quaternary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Methods:

A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using laboratory data from 2,421 Enterobacterales isolates recovered from clinical specimens of infected patients at a quaternary hospital in KwaZulu‑Natal, South Africa, between January 2023 and December 2023. Data were analysed to determine the prevalence of ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales, identify predominant ESBL‑producing species, and describe their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.

Results:

ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales accounted for 27.8% (672/2 421) of all Enterobacterales isolates. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae species were the predominant ESBL producers. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated high levels of resistance to β‑lactam antibiotics and fluoroquinolones among ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales. Carbapenems remained active against the majority of ESBL‑producing isolates; however, reduced susceptibility was identified among a subset of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates a substantial burden of ESBL‑producing Enterobacterales in a quaternary hospital setting. The observed resistance patterns highlight the importance of strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, susceptibility‑guided therapy, and ongoing surveillance to limit the spread of multidrug‑resistant pathogens.

Recommendations:

Further studies are warranted to investigate molecular resistance mechanisms and potential sources of transmission.

Prevalence of Hypokalaemia in patients presenting with Diarrhoea at Kiswa Health Centre III, Nakawa Division in Kampala District. A cross-sectional study.

Irene Birungi — 2026-06-01

Background:

This study aims to determine the prevalence of Hypokalaemia in patients presenting with Diarrhoea at Kiswa Health Centre III, Nakawa Division, in Kampala District.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 138 patients presenting with diarrhea. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and laboratory analysis of serum sodium levels using an automated chemistry analyzer. Results are presented in tables, graphs, and charts.

Results:

The study enrolled 138 respondents presenting with diarrhea, with the largest age group being 18–35 years (40 participants, 29.0%), followed by children under five years (36 participants, 26.1%). Young children (<5 years) and elderly adults (≥60 years) were more prone to severe electrolyte imbalances. Males constituted a slightly higher proportion of the study population (51.4%) compared to females (46.4%). Hypokalemia affected participants across all age groups, with children under five being the most affected, accounting for 32 cases (23.2%) across all severities: 14 mild (10.1%), 11 moderate (8.0%), and 7 severe (5.1%). Elderly adults contributed 17 cases (12.3%), including 7 mild (5.1%), 5 moderate (3.6%), and 5 severe cases (3.6%). Adults aged 18–35 years recorded 16 cases (11.6%), adolescents 5–17 years 10 cases (7.2%), and adults 36–59 years 11 cases (8.0%). Mild hypokalemia was the most common across all age groups, followed by moderate cases, while severe hypokalemia was less frequent. Overall, children under five and elderly adults were consistently the most affected, highlighting their increased vulnerability to potassium depletion during diarrheal illness.

Conclusion:

Hypokalemia is common among diarrheal patients, with children under five and adults over 60 being most vulnerable, and mild cases being the most frequent.

Recommendation:

Routine potassium screening, proper rehydration, and patient education are essential to prevent and manage hypokalemia, especially in high-risk groups.

Determining institutionally related factors affecting online teaching and learning among student nurses and midwives at Mildmay Uganda School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.

Leni Dorish — 2026-06-16

Background

Across developing countries, frequent power outages and unstable electricity supply disrupted synchronous learning and reduced overall participation in online classes. The study aims to determine institutionally related factors affecting online teaching and learning among student nurses and midwives at Mildmay Uganda School of Nursing and Midwifery.

Methodology

A descriptive cross-sectional study using quantitative methods was conducted. The population consisted of 200 student nurses and midwives, with a sample size of 133 determined using Slovin’s formula. Stratified random sampling ensured fair representation from six class levels. Data was collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, checked for completeness, coded, and analysed with SPSS version 22 and Microsoft Excel. Results were presented as frequencies, percentages, tables, and charts.

Results

The majority, 79 (59.4%) of the respondents were females, while the minority, 54 (40.6%) were males. The majority (56.4%) of the respondents mentioned that the institution rarely supported them. Most respondents 68, 51.1%) stated that digital resources provided by their institution were not sufficient at all. Regarding formal training, the majority, 123 (92.5%) of the respondents stated that their institution did not provide training for online teaching. Most respondents 46, 34.6%) reported that unstable access to institutional online platforms was a challenge, while the least 20, 15%) mentioned limited interaction with lecturers and administrative staff. The majority of 100 (75.2%) of the respondents confirmed that their institution had a system for monitoring and evaluating online teaching effectiveness.

Conclusion

Lack of support, insufficient digital resources, and inadequate training were the significant institutional factors that affected online teaching and learning among student nurses and midwives.

Recommendations

Institutions should provide technical support, reliable internet, and digital resources, and organise training for students on online platforms.

Non-Adherence to Lifestyle Modifications Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending OPD Diabetic Clinic of Ssekanyonyi Health Centre IV, Mityana District. A cross-sectional study.

Laura Maria Kirabo — 2026-06-25

Background:

Lifestyle modification is a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and includes dietary control, regular physical activity, weight management, and avoidance of harmful habits. This study aimed to assess the factors contributing to non-adherence to lifestyle modifications among type 2 diabetic patients attending the outpatient diabetic clinic at Ssekanyonyi Health Centre IV, Mityana District.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 36 type 2 diabetic patients attending the OPD diabetic clinic at Ssekanyonyi Health Centre IV. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, individual-related factors, and health facility-related factors influencing adherence to lifestyle modifications. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and findings were presented in frequencies and percentages.

Results:

Most of the respondents were male (75%) and aged 26–30 years (50%). Individual-related factors contributing to non-adherence included the presence of other illnesses that interfered with lifestyle changes (72.2%) and low confidence in implementing lifestyle modifications (75%). A high proportion of respondents relied on traditional remedies for diabetes control (61.1%), while only 2.6% trusted regular exercise. Heavy workload was reported by 75% of respondents as a major barrier to adherence. Health facility-related factors included inadequate guidance from health workers, reported by 41.7% of respondents, long waiting times of 1–2 hours for consultations (41.7%), rude attitudes from health workers (41.7%), and long travel distances to the clinic, with 50% travelling 6–10 km.

Conclusion:
Non-adherence to lifestyle modifications among type 2 diabetic patients is influenced by multiple individual and health facility-related factors, including poor knowledge, low self-confidence, reliance on traditional remedies, inadequate counselling, long waiting times, negative health worker attitudes, and distance to health facilities.

Recommendations:
Health workers should strengthen patient education and counselling on lifestyle modifications.

Community-based education programs should address misconceptions and promote adherence to recommended diabetic lifestyle practices.

Factors affecting the use of Sayana Press among women of reproductive age (18-49) years at Nimule Hospital, Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. A cross-sectional study.

Wilfred Monikare — 2026-06-25

Background:

Family planning (FP) improves family health and plays a key role in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. This study assesses factors associated with low use of Sayana Press among women of reproductive age group 18-49 years in Nimule Hospital, Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 160 women selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Version 26. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) summarized demographic characteristics and awareness levels. Chi-square tests assessed associations between demographic variables and Sayana Press use. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of utilization, with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals computed.

Results:

Most respondents were married (75%), had secondary education (57.5%), and were aged 25–34 years (35%). Awareness was relatively high, with 65% having heard of Sayana Press, mainly from healthcare providers (52.5%), and 75% rating their knowledge as good. Chi-square analysis found no significant association between Sayana Press use and age, marital status, or number of children. However, logistic regression revealed that the number of children was the only significant independent predictor; women in the higher-parity category were over five times more likely to use Sayana Press (OR = 5.12, p = 0.046). Other variables showed no significant influence.

Conclusion:

The study showed that awareness levels are generally good, but utilization is strongly influenced by the number of children rather than age, education, or marital status.

Recommendation:

Health facilities should intensify targeted family planning counseling, especially for low-parity women, strengthen community awareness programs, and ensure consistent dissemination of information through healthcare providers to enhance uptake of Sayana Press.

Knowledge of health workers regarding infection control at Kajjansi Health Centre IV. A cross-sectional study.

Duncan Edward Kasibante — 2026-06-17

Background:

Knowledge of infection control among health workers is essential for preventing healthcare-associated infections and ensuring patient safety. Therefore, this study aims to assess the knowledge of health workers regarding infection control at Kajjansi Health Centre IV.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study design was used, where participants were given questionnaires to fill in quantitatively, the data were coded, and analysed with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25, and presented using tables, Bar charts, and pie charts.

Results:

A total of 55 healthcare workers were interviewed, 61.8% (34/55) were females. The mean age of the participants was 25.3, with the majority, 54.5% (30/55), in the age group of 26 to 30 years. 50.9% (28/55) of the participants were diploma holders, and 63.6% (35/55) of the participants were nurses. 85.5% (45/55) of the participants were found to be knowledgeable about infection control. 92.7 % (51/55) knew that disinfection and antiseptics prevent healthcare-acquired infections. 87.3% (87/55) of the healthcare workers believed that every piece of equipment needs decontamination before sterilization, with more than half of the respondents, 81.8% (45/55), knowing about infection control, while 72.3% (40/55) knew the recommended guidelines about hand hygiene.

Conclusion:

The knowledge of infection control was good, although gaps remain in formal training, especially on hand hygiene and standard precautions.

Recommendation:

There is a need for regular in-service training and continuous professional development on infection control.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection amongst food vendors in the main market of Gulu City. Cross-sectional study.

Winfrey Winnie Awanga — 2026-06-18

Background:

Helicobacter pylori infection is a widespread gastrointestinal infection affecting more than half of the global population, with higher prevalence in low-resource settings due to poor sanitation and hygiene. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection amongst food vendors in the main market of Gulu City.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study design was conducted involving 113 food vendors selected through a simple random sampling method. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using Microsoft Excel.

Results:

The study involved 113 respondents, 70.8% were female, and 29.2% male. (32.7%) were aged 26-35 years, followed closely by those aged 36-45 years (31.1%), while 19.5% were between 18-25 years, and 16.8% were 46 years and above. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was higher among females (62.5%) than males (54.5%), suggesting that gender-related differences in hygiene practices or risk exposure may influence infection rates. In terms of age, most participants were aged 26-35 years (32.7%) and 36-45 years (31.1%), representing the most active and economically productive age. This age category’s high participation in food vending also reflects a greater likelihood of exposure to H. pylori infection, since they are the most engaged in daily food handling activities. The majority of respondents came from Gulu (37.1%), followed by Arua (22.1%) and Kitgum (14.2%). This distribution suggests that most food vendors were local residents or nearby migrants who have long-term exposure to the same market environment, potentially increasing the risk of cross-contamination and persistent infection within the area.

Conclusion:

The study shows a notable prevalence of H. pylori infection among food vendors in Gulu City, with higher rates in females and those aged 26–45 years.

Recommendations:

Health education on hygiene and safe food handling should be strengthened among vendors, alongside improved sanitation facilities in the market.

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among patients with septic wounds attending surgical wards at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital. A cross-sectional study.

Henry Mukooza — 2026-06-18

Background:

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen in septic wounds, particularly among patients admitted to surgical wards. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among patients with septic wounds who were admitted to the surgical ward at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital.

Methodology:

The study adopted a cross-sectional design and involved 80 purposively selected patients with septic wounds. Wound swabs were collected using sterile swabs, appropriately labeled, and processed using standard microbiological techniques, including Gram staining, culture on selective media, and confirmatory biochemical tests such as catalase and coagulase.

Results:

The majority of respondents, at 53.75% (n=43), were males, while females accounted for 46.25% (n=37). The most affected age group represented was those above 60 years (47.5%, n=38), followed by participants aged 18–30 years (22.5%, n=18). The prevalence of S. aureus was higher among males (64.3%, n=18) compared to females (35.7%, n=10). This suggests that male patients may be more prone to S. aureus wound infections, possibly due to increased exposure to injury, occupational risks, and delayed health-seeking behavior. The highest prevalence of S. aureus was observed among respondents aged above 60 years (53.57%, n=15), followed by those aged 18–30 years (21.42%, n=6). The lowest prevalence occurred in patients below 18 years (7.14%, n=2). This trend suggests that elderly individuals may be at greater risk, likely due to weakened immunity and delayed wound healing.

Conclusion:

This study found that the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among patients with septic wounds at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital was a common cause of wound infection.

Recommendation:

Routine screening of septic wounds and strict infection prevention practices should be strengthened to improve early detection and management of S. aureus.

Prevalence and determinants of medical sharp injuries among health care workers at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional Study.

Simon Wabomba Nabuyaka — 2026-06-25

Background:

Globally, sharps injuries continue to affect healthcare workers despite improvements in infection prevention practices. Studies report varying prevalence rates, influenced by individual behaviors, training levels, and hospital safety systems. This study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of medical sharps injury among the health workers at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 healthcare workers at Entebbe RR hospital using a structured questionnaire and a convenience sampling method.

Results:

The study revealed that 63% of respondents had ever had a medical sharps injury. In the past 12 months, 74.3% of those injured had sustained at least one injury, with needle stick injuries being most common (55.7%), and 81.8% reported their most recent injury. 54.3% believed sharps injuries are preventable, 63.6% regularly used PPE, and 80% had received training in injection safety or infection prevention. Also, 70.7% reported adequate PPE availability, 97.1% had sharps containers at workstations, 54.3% indicated containers were sometimes emptied on time, 95% reported accessible safety guidelines, and 77% had attended in-service training.

Conclusion:

Despite the availability of PPE, sharps containers, and infection prevention guidelines, sharps injuries remain common among healthcare workers. Individual behaviors such as inconsistent PPE use, occasional recapping, and underestimation of risk, combined with occasional delays in emptying sharps containers, continue to contribute to injuries.

Recommendations:

The Ministry of Health should strengthen national surveillance and increase access to safety-engineered devices. Also, Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital should ensure timely emptying of sharps containers, reinforce no-recapping policies, and intensify in-service training.

Roles of community pharmacists in health promotion and chronic disease management in low- and middle-income countries: A narrative review of barriers, opportunities, and future directions.

Tiisetso Chuene — 2026-06-30

The growing burden of chronic diseases continues to place significant pressure on healthcare systems globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where shortages of healthcare professionals and limited access to primary health care (PHC) services remain major challenges. Community pharmacists are increasingly recognised as accessible healthcare providers who can contribute substantially to health promotion and chronic disease management. This narrative review aimed to examine the roles of community pharmacists in health promotion and chronic disease management in LMICs, with particular emphasis on existing barriers, emerging opportunities, and future directions for practice. Literature published between January 2015 and December 2025 was identified through PubMed and Google Scholar using search terms related to community pharmacists, health promotion, chronic diseases, non-communicable diseases, primary healthcare, and LMICs. Relevant peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and grey literature were reviewed and synthesised thematically. Findings indicate that community pharmacists contribute to chronic disease prevention and management through medication therapy management, patient counselling, lifestyle modification education, disease screening, adherence support, vaccination services, and other public health interventions. Pharmacist-led services have been associated with improved medication adherence and better clinical outcomes in chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. However, the full potential of community pharmacists in LMICs is often constrained by inadequate training, regulatory limitations, insufficient reimbursement mechanisms, weak policy support, and poor integration within primary healthcare systems. Emerging innovations, including telepharmacy and digital health technologies, offer opportunities to strengthen pharmacist-led services and expand access to care. Community pharmacists have considerable potential to enhance chronic disease management and health promotion in LMICs. Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and scalability of pharmacist-led interventions in LMICs. At the same time, policymakers should develop supportive regulatory and financing frameworks to facilitate the integration of community pharmacists into primary healthcare systems.

Factors associated with ocular features in children with Malaria in the University of Benin teaching hospital, Benin City. A cross-sectional study.

Dr. Johnpaul Okolo Oshorenua — 2026-06-13

Background:

The study aims to assess the factors associated with ocular features in children with Malaria in the University of Benin teaching hospital.

Methods:

A case control study at the UBTH in which Data were analysed using the Statistical Software Package SPSS, version 21. Quantitative variables were summarised using descriptive statistics. The relationship between ocular features and the identified factors was presented as bivariate frequency tables and charts where applicable.

Results:

The ages of the subjects ranged from 11months to 16 years for cases and 3 years to 17 years for controls. The mean age for the cases and control were4.08±3.85and 4.04±2.49, respectively.

The prevalence of any ocular features of malaria was seen to be higher in males (25%) than in females (21.1%) in this study, although the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.490). The highest prevalence of ocular features of severe malaria was seen in children in the < 5-year age group (26.8%). Prevalence of ocular features of malaria (any retinopathy) was higher in children who had convulsed (54.8%) than in those who did not (45.2%). Retinopathy is significantly associated with high malaria parasite density (p=0.002). Prevalence of retinopathy in patients with 3 plus (+++) Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite was higher than in children with 2 plus (++). There was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of ocular features of malaria with a decrease in the social class of subjects and vice versa (p=0.000).

Conclusion:

The ocular features of malaria are more frequently found in patients with more severe malaria infestation. Ocular features of malaria were higher in the children who had convulsed.

Recommendations:

The Ophthalmologist should be consulted in the co-management of children with malaria complications. This will aid diagnosis and institution of appropriate treatment modalities.

An audit on hand hygiene as a practice in the eye department of a teaching institute in Dehradun. A cross-sectional study.

Vatsala Vats — 2026-06-29

Background

The eye is not only a sense organ but also an optical medium. Ocular hygiene is dependent on hands, as any condition requires the instillation of drops and ointment into the eye. Hand Hygiene (HH) is a safe and effective tool to prevent ocular infections pre- and post-operatively. Health Care Associated Infections (HCAIs) are an economic burden and contribute to morbidity and mortality. The present study evaluates Hand Hygiene as a practice in the eye department of a teaching institution over six months.

Material and Method

All health personnel working in the eye department were included in the study. They were observed on the first day of their duty, and the status of hand hygiene was noted. After proper guidance, they were observed every week, and their compliance was documented at the end of their posting. The study draws a comparison of their status of Hand Hygiene on the first and last day of their presentation.

Results

Hand hygiene compliance improved significantly after counseling across all staff groups. Intern compliance improved significantly (p=0.0001), and attendants/housekeeping staff also showed improvement (p=0.0098). Support staff compliance increased from 0% to 75%, OPD optometrists from 29% to 57%, while faculty improved from 90% to 100% after intervention.

Conclusion

The practice of Hand Hygiene is of utmost importance in any healthcare system. It needs proper guidance and persistence for a thorough implementation of Hand Hygiene to become a regular habit.

Effect of hemodialysis on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure in end-stage renal disease patients admitted at a tertiary care hospital: A hospital-based comparative observational study.

Dr. P. Sarat Jyotsna — 2026-06-29

Background

Hemodialysis produces rapid osmotic, fluid-volume and systemic hemodynamic changes that may influence intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of hemodialysis on IOP and OPP among ESRD patients and compare these changes with age- and gender-matched controls.

Methods

This hospital-based comparative observational study was conducted at Dr YSR Kidney Research Centre and Super Speciality Hospital, Palasa, from October 2025 to March 2026. It included 50 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis and 50 controls. IOP, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and OPP were assessed before and after hemodialysis in cases and across a corresponding observation period in controls.

Results

The mean age was 53.2 ± 10.8 years in cases and 52.4 ± 10.2 years in controls; males constituted 64.0% and 60.0%, respectively. Diabetes mellitus (44.0% vs 16.0%) and hypertension (78.0% vs 20.0%) were more frequent among cases. Mean average IOP decreased from 16.9 ± 3.0 to 14.9 ± 2.6 mmHg, MAP from 103.2 ± 10.3 to 90.1 ± 9.6 mmHg, and OPP from 51.9 ± 7.4 to 45.2 ± 7.1 mmHg. An OPP reduction of at least 5 mmHg occurred in 68.0% of cases compared with 10.0% of controls.

Conclusion

Hemodialysis was associated with significant reductions in IOP and OPP. OPP reduction appeared mainly related to intradialytic systemic blood pressure decline.

Recommendations

Baseline ophthalmic screening and intradialytic blood pressure surveillance are advisable in high-risk ESRD patients.

Refractive error in vernal catarrh at tertiary care hospital: a cross-sectional observational study.

Manisha Gupta — 2026-06-09

Background:
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, recurrent allergic disease of the ocular surface that predominantly affects children and adolescents. Limited literature exists on its association with other refractive errors, such as myopia and hypermetropia. Understanding this association is essential to prevent avoidable visual impairment and amblyopia during the critical period of visual development.

Methods:
This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study included children aged 5–18 years diagnosed clinically with VKC. Detailed demographic data and ocular examination findings were recorded. Visual acuity was assessed, intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured, and slit-lamp examination was performed to evaluate conjunctival and corneal changes. Refractive status was assessed using autorefractometry followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy and subjective acceptance. The results were analysed by SPSS software. Data from 100 patients were analysed and expressed as percentages.

Results:
In this study of 100 children, the majority were aged 16–18 years (36%), and males predominated (71%). Bilateral involvement was seen in 32% of cases. Myopia was the most common refractive error (48%), followed by hypermetropia (24%), while 28% were emmetropic. Among myopes, mild myopia was most frequent (45.8%), with similar prevalence between males and females.

Conclusion:
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is strongly associated with refractive errors, particularly myopia, in children. Routine refractive evaluation should be an integral part of VKC management to ensure early detection and timely correction, thereby improving visual outcomes and quality of life.

Recommendation

This study highlights the need for early detection and timely correction of refractive errors, which are essential to prevent amblyopia, optimize visual development, and improve academic performance and quality of life.

A Retrospective Descriptive Coho Outcomes of intravitreal Bevacizumab injection on diabetic macular oedema patients of different ethnic groups in a Tertiary hospital setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A Retrospective Descriptive Cohort Study.

Dr. Isibonile Ndamane — 2026-06-01

Background:

To investigate the variation in central macular thickness and visual acuity among different ethnic groups following three intravitreal injections of Bevacizumab at McCord Eye Hospital.

Methods:

A retrospective observational cohort study of patients with diabetic macular edema from different ethnic groups at McCord Eye Hospital. Patients were classified into Black, Caucasian, Coloured, and Indian ethnic groups. Baseline measurements included visual acuity, measured in decimal and reported in LogMAR, and central macular thickness (CMT) measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT). These measurements were taken before three intravitreal Bevacizumab injections spaced six weeks apart, with follow-up measurements two weeks after the third injection. The study compared changes in VA and CMT between ethnic groups and explored the influence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and ocular prognostic markers on treatment outcomes.

Results:

349 eyes from 204 patients were enrolled. The number of eyes per ethnic group was 170 Indian, 129 Black, 22 Caucasian, and 22 Coloured. Indians showed the least improvement, with a VA change of 0.82 LogMAR (0.15) and a CMT reduction of -90 µm. Caucasian had a VA change of 0.57 LogMAR (0.27) and a CMT of -94 µm. Black experienced a VA change of 0.63 LogMAR (0.24) and CMT of -122 µm. Coloured performed best, with VA change of 0.47 LogMAR (0.34) and CMT of -125 µm (P=0.001). Hypertension and dyslipidemia prevalence in Indian 56%, Caucasian 32%, Black 15%, Coloured 18%.

Conclusion:

The Ethnic groups with the least VA improvement and CMT reduction had the highest prevalence of systemic risk factors and poor prognostic ocular biomarkers, highlighting their significant impact on treatment outcomes.

Recommendations

Diabetic macular oedema requires a multidisciplinary approach to manage systemic risk factors rigorously and early detection of poor prognostic indicators, which will allow for prompt escalation of treatment.

Clinical Spectrum and Prognostic Evaluation of Ocular Trauma Using Ocular Trauma Score in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Uttarakhand

Saurabh Rawat — 2026-06-30

Background

Ocular trauma is an important cause of preventable monocular blindness and visual morbidity worldwide and contributes significantly to ocular morbidity, particularly in developing countries.³˒¹¹˒²¹ The Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) is a validated prognostic tool used to predict final visual outcome following ocular injury.¹˒²⁵

Aim

To evaluate the clinical spectrum of ocular trauma and assess the prognostic significance of the Ocular Trauma Score in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand.

Materials and Methods

This hospital-based observational study included 110 patients presenting with ocular trauma to a tertiary care center in Uttarakhand. Injuries were classified according to the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETT).²˒⁴˒²⁵ OTS was calculated for each patient and correlated with type of injury, posterior segment involvement, and visual outcome.

Results

Closed globe injuries constituted 80.9% of cases, while open globe injuries accounted for 19.1%. Road traffic accidents were the most common mode of injury. OTS Category 3 was the predominant category (62.7%). Significant associations were observed between OTS category and type of injury, visual outcome, and posterior segment involvement (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The OTS demonstrated strong prognostic value in predicting severity and visual outcome following ocular trauma. Routine use of OTS can aid in prognostication, management planning, and patient counseling.¹˒¹⁶˒¹⁷

Food safety and microbial risk assessment of mixed vegetable salads sold from Arua Park restaurants in Kampala city Centre. A cross-sectional study.

John Bosco Oryem — 2026-06-01

Background:

Foodborne illnesses remain a major public health concern globally and in Uganda, largely due to microbial contamination of ready-to-eat foods. This study assessed the microbial quality and associated health risks of mixed vegetable salads sold in Arua Park restaurants in Kampala City Centre.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study design was employed. Twenty-seven mixed vegetable salad samples were collected from nine randomly selected canteens and analyzed for Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological methods. Additionally, 156 structured questionnaires were administered to consumers, and observational assessments were conducted to evaluate food handling practices. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 95% confidence level, while Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was performed using Monte Carlo simulation.

Results:

APC levels ranged from 3.1 to 4.83 log CFU/g, within acceptable limits. Salmonella spp. We’re not detected in any samples. However, Staphylococcus aureus counts ranged from 2.97 to 5.13 log CFU/g, with 66.67% of samples exceeding acceptable safety limits. Most canteens (77.78%) stored salads at room temperature and served them without heat treatment. The QMRA estimated a mean exposure dose of 8.301 × 10⁶ CFU/day and a mean probability of infection of 18.4%, indicating a considerable public health risk.

Conclusion:

Although general bacterial loads were within acceptable limits and Salmonella spp. were absent, the high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in most samples suggests poor hygiene and unsafe handling practices. This poses a significant risk of foodborne illness to consumers.

Recommendations:

Regular training of food handlers, strict enforcement of food safety regulations by authorities, and improved storage practices are recommended. Further studies should explore microbial risks in other foods and locations to strengthen food safety interventions in Uganda.

Comparing bacterial load and type present in Chapatti sold by different vendors at Shilabela Market, Geita District, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study.

John Kakubi — 2026-06-04

Background:

The study aims to compare bacterial load and type present in Chapatti sold by different vendors at Shilabela Market, Geita District, Tanzania.

Methodology:

A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Chapatti market stalls of Shilabela Market from May to June 2025. The primary study population included chapati samples sold by vendors at Shilabela market, and the secondary study population included the chapati vendors operating in Shilabela market. Data were summarised into tables, bar graphs, and pie charts using Excel.

Results:

112 chapatti samples were collected from four separate vendors at Shilabela Market. Sample production was similar across vendors, with Vendor A and Vendor D having 28 samples (25.0% each), Vendor B having 29 (25.9%), and Vendor C contributing 27 samples (24.1%). The chapatti from Vendor D had the highest mean bacterial load at 5.7 × 10⁵ CFU/g, with 46.4% of samples higher than the limit. Vendor C had the lowest mean bacterial load at 3.9 × 10⁵ CFU/g and presumably the lowest proportion of samples above the limit. The microorganisms' species distribution differed among the four vendors at Shilabela Market. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate for Vendors A and D, who both had 50% of their samples contaminated. Vendor B had the highest prevalence of Escherichia coli (48.3%). Vendor C represented a mix and was present in a more balanced presence of E. coli with S. aureus.

Conclusion:

There was substantial historical variability in contamination, with some vendors having a greater presence of certain types of pathogens. Differences in levels of bacterial contamination may be largely attributed to vendor behaviour and hygiene practices.

Recommendations:

Consumers should be made aware of the potential health issues associated with consuming contaminated chapatti products through community sensitisation campaigns.

Seroprevalence of dengue infection and its correlation with platelet count: A retrospective observational study.

Sanjiv Kumar — 2026-06-01

Background:
Dengue fever is a virus that frequently spreads through mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions. Thrombocytopenia, a common hematological abnormality associated with dengue infections, is occasionally used as a measure of the illness's severity.

Aim:
To determine the seroprevalence of dengue infection and evaluate its correlation with platelet count in suspected cases.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred patients who were clinically suspected of having dengue were included in this retrospective analysis. Dengue NS1 antigen and IgM antibody testing were used for the serological diagnosis. Hematological records were used to determine platelet counts. The chi-square test was employed in the statistical analysis of the data to ascertain the correlation between dengue positivity and platelet count.

Results:
60 cases out of 100 samples tested positive for dengue, indicating a 60% seroprevalence. Dengue infection was substantially linked to thrombocytopenia. The platelet counts of most dengue-positive patients ranged from 50,000 to 100,000 cells/mm³. Low platelet counts and dengue infection were significantly correlated, according to statistical analysis (p = 0.006).

Conclusion:
Thrombocytopenia and dengue infection are strongly correlated. For dengue patients to be effectively managed and complications to be identified early, platelet count monitoring is crucial.

Recommendation:

In suspected or confirmed dengue cases, routine platelet monitoring is advised since thrombocytopenia reflects the severity of the illness and the likelihood of sequelae. Patients with low platelet counts must be closely monitored and given an early test diagnosis. To improve disease treatment and outcomes in dengue-endemic areas, public health awareness, vector control, and healthcare facilities must be strengthened.

Isolation and Characterization of Salmonella Typhi Vi-Specific Bacteriophages from Urine Samples: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Shailesh Kumar — 2026-06-01

Background:

Typhoid fever remains a major public health concern in many low- and middle-income countries. Rising antimicrobial resistance has renewed interest in bacteriophage-based diagnostics and therapeutics. This prospective observational study aimed to isolate and characterize Salmonella Typhi Vi-specific bacteriophages from urine samples collected over six months.

Methods:

Fifty urine samples were collected from patients with either clinically suspected or microbiologically confirmed typhoid. Following centrifugation and filtration, samples were enriched using host strains of Salmonella Typhi that were Vi-positive. Spot and double-layer agar plaque assays were used to detect phages. Plaque morphology, host range, heat stability, pH tolerance, and chloroform sensitivity were used to describe isolated phages.

Results:

Out of 50 samples, 18 (36%) had Vi-specific bacteriophages. Compared to clinically suspected cases, isolation was substantially higher in culture-confirmed typhoid cases (52.0% vs. 18.2%, p=0.018). Turbid plaques made up 38.9% of the total, whereas clear plaques predominated (61.1%). At pH 6–8 and temperatures as high as 50°C, the majority of isolates were stable. 72.2% of isolates showed narrow host specificity toward bacteria that expressed Vi.

Conclusion:

These findings demonstrate that urine is a feasible non-invasive source for recovering Vi-specific bacteriophages. Such phages may have future utility in rapid diagnostics, environmental surveillance, and adjunctive phage therapy against drug-resistant typhoid fever.

Recommendation

Urine-based isolation of Vi-specific bacteriophages should be further explored as a non-invasive approach for typhoid diagnostics and surveillance. Larger multicenter studies incorporating molecular characterization are recommended before clinical application.

A Prospective Analytical Observational Study on the Correlation of Weekly Postnatal Weight Gain with the Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Premature Babies.

Dr Bighneswar Senapati — 2026-06-30

Background:
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a major cause of preventable childhood blindness among premature infants. Poor postnatal weight gain has emerged as an important predictor of ROP and may facilitate early identification of high-risk neonates.

Aim:
To evaluate the relationship between weekly postnatal weight gain and the development of Retinopathy of Prematurity in premature babies.

Materials and Methods:

This prospective observational study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of IMS & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, from January 2019 to June 2020 among 80 preterm neonates fulfilling ROP screening criteria. Weekly postnatal weight gain was monitored, and ophthalmologic screening for ROP was performed according to standard guidelines. Associated risk factors, including oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, anemia, blood transfusion, hypoxemia, sepsis, and delayed regain of birth weight, were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.

Results:
The median gestational age was 30.05 weeks, and the median birth weight was 1200 g. Most infants (66.25%) had a birth weight between 1001 and 1500 g. ROP was significantly associated with supplemental oxygen therapy, hypoxemia, mechanical ventilation, anemia, blood transfusion, late-onset sepsis, Candida sepsis, and delayed regain of birth weight. Infants with poor weekly postnatal weight gain had a significantly higher incidence of ROP than those with adequate weight gain.

Conclusion:
Weekly postnatal weight gain is a simple, cost-effective, and reliable predictor for the early identification of Retinopathy of Prematurity in premature infants. Regular monitoring of postnatal weight gain can facilitate timely recognition of neonates at increased risk.

Recommendation:
Routine weekly postnatal weight gain monitoring should be incorporated into neonatal care and ROP screening protocols, particularly in resource-limited settings, to improve risk stratification, enable earlier referral for ophthalmologic evaluation, and reduce the burden of preventable childhood blindness.

Prevalence and factors associated with calcium disturbances among neonates admitted with nec at Lira regional referral hospital: A cross-sectional study.

Abukar Hussein — 2026-06-03

Background:

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly among preterm and low birth weight infants. Calcium disturbances, including hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, are common complications in critically ill neonates and are associated with poor outcomes. However, there is limited data on calcium disturbances among neonates with NEC in Uganda.

Objective:

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with calcium disturbances among neonates admitted with necrotizing enterocolitis at Lira Regional Referral Hospital.

Methods:

A hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 151 neonates with NEC admitted between February and April 2025. Data were collected using a structured tool and analyzed using STATA version 14. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify associated factors, and variables with p < 0.2 were included in multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results:

The prevalence of calcium disturbances was 15.9% (95% CI: 10.8%–22.7%). In multivariable analysis, maternal corticosteroid use (AOR = 5.22, 95% CI: 1.10–24.79, p = 0.04) and neonatal convulsions (AOR = 7.08, 95% CI: 1.19–18.65, p = 0.02) were independently associated with hypocalcemia. For hypercalcemia, urban residence (AOR = 8.99, 95% CI: 1.63–49.53, p = 0.012), maternal gestational hypertension (AOR = 6.90, 95% CI: 1.03–46.13, p = 0.046), and neonatal fever (AOR = 17.49, 95% CI: 2.32–24.89, p < 0.001) were significant predictors.

Conclusion:

Calcium disturbances are common among neonates with NEC and are associated with both maternal and neonatal factors.

Recommendation:

Neonates admitted with NEC should undergo routine serum calcium assessment for early detection and timely correction of calcium disturbances.

Sudan Ebola virus persistence in breastmilk: A systematic mixed-studies review of viral shedding and transmission risk.

Allan Komugisa — 2026-06-01

Introduction

Ebola virus disease (EVD) poses significant risks to pregnant and breastfeeding women, with viral persistence in breastmilk potentially enabling mother-to-child transmission. This systematic mixed-studies review synthesizes evidence on Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) in breastmilk, transmission risks, and implications for infant feeding during outbreaks.

Methodology

This searched Google Scholar, WHO, and global databases (January 2015–December 2024; English only) for peer-reviewed articles, reviews, and grey literature using terms like "Ebola Virus Disease" and "Persistence of Ebola Virus in Breast Milk." Inclusion: studies on EVD-positive women intending to breastfeed; exclusion: non-comprehensive case identification. Secondary data from Uganda's 2022 SUDV outbreak (89 cases) used RT-PCR for breastmilk. Two reviewers independently screened/extracted data; disagreements were resolved by consensus. Risk of bias assessed via narrative synthesis (no formal tool); certainty via GRADE (low-moderate due to observational data)

Results

The earliest viral clearance was observed on day 54, and the latest clearance occurred 223 days after discharge from the hospital. Overall clearance occurred faster in the left breast (average 80 days) than in the right breast (average 115 days). Older survivors cleared slower than their younger counterparts. While mothers were eager to re-lactate, their fears lay in re-infection and loss of breast milk due to viral clearance. Additionally, (Ready-to-use Infant Formula) RUIF nourished the babies beyond the need for breast milk. Food insecurity and post-traumatic stress disorder did not spare the milk letdown reflex, perhaps even struggling to get a sample to test.

Conclusion

Sudan Ebola Virus (SUDV) persists in breastmilk with clearance rates significantly influenced by maternal age and anatomical asymmetry. Beyond these biological risks, survivors face a "double burden" of PTSD and food insecurity post-recovery.

Recommendation

Formulate guidelines on utilization of RUIF and re-lactation for comprehensive survivor care with trauma-informed psychosocial support to address the complex emotional and physiological barriers to safe infant feeding.

Prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV patients aged 18-50 years attending the ART clinic at Kajjansi health centre IV. A cross-sectional study.

Denelson Kabogoza — 2026-06-16

Background:

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV, the level of knowledge, and utilisation of preventive services before diagnosis among patients aged 18-50 attending the ART clinic at Kajjansi Health Centre IV.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted for the study, with a simple random technique to obtain 100 respondents. Participants were randomly selected to participate in the study. Semi-structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions were used for data collection, and results were analysed using Microsoft Excel. Results were presented in the form of tables.

Results:

Out of 100 participants, 10 (10%) were 41-50 years, 32 (32%) were between 31-40 years, 40 (40%) were between 21-30 years, and 14 (14%) were between 18-20 years. Seventy (70%) were females, and 30 (30%) were males. The overall prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV patients aged 18-50 attending the ART clinic at Kajjansi Health Centre IV was 80%, with 80 participants positive for HIV and 20(20%) participants negative for HIV. Regarding knowledge, 95% of the participants had heard about HIV before diagnosis, 20% had used PEP or PrEP before, and the 80% had never used PEP or PrEP before. Most, 70% of the participants use a condom during intercourse, 65% had received HIV counselling before diagnosis, while 35% had never received HIV counselling before, and 75% do often go for HIV ART services.

Conclusion:

The study reveals an exceptionally high HIV positivity rate among the screened clinic population at Kajjansi, alongside high basic awareness but critical gaps in biomedical prevention.

Recommendation:

Future studies should be conducted on a large scale to obtain a clear picture of the prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV patients aged 18-50, representing statistics.

Faculty perception towards competency-based medical education at a tertiary care teaching hospital: A cross-sectional study.

Dr. Sai chandana Gali — 2026-06-30

Background:

In India, the introduction of Competency Based Medical Education (CBME) aims to streamline undergraduate medical training to enhance clinical skills, encourage integration of knowledge, and promote competency acquisition.

Objective:

To explore the perception of faculty on Competency-Based Medical Education and understand the challenges associated with it in the context of the tertiary level teaching hospital.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study comprised faculty members who are engaged in undergraduate medical teaching in two types of departments namely preclinical and paraclinical. A structured and validated questionnaire with closed-ended questions related to knowledge and perception of CBME, and Likert scale questions related to attitude towards CBME implementation were used to gather data. Demographic information, training status in revised basic medical information and Curriculum Implementation Support Program (CISP), and teaching experience was captured.

Results:

Sixty-one faculty have participated in this study, comprising from various departments such as Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology, Community Medicine etc. Majority of the participants showed good knowledge about basic concepts of CBME - competencies, domains of learning and Miller's pyramid. Most faculty members agreed that CBME for better medical education is required and this highlighted the requirement of providing adequate infrastructure and administrative support.

Many of the participants noted, however, that STFP were not an adequate strategy to meet the needs of the faculty and that there were implementation difficulties, especially for seasoned faculty. Many respondents also perceived that integration between departments, and the use of newer teaching learning techniques (such as having discussions in small groups and objective structured practical examinations) were challenging.

Conclusion:

The perception of CBME among faculties is generally positive and are aware of its underlying principles, and its positive impact as a process towards enhancing medical education. Yet, there are quite a few infrastructure, faculty development, and implementation hurdles.

Health locus of control and prostate cancer screening uptake following prostate cancer education among male college students in Nigeria. A quasi-experimental pretest–post-test control group study.

Olaitan Johnson Balogun — 2026-06-01

Background

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among Nigerian men and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Health locus of control (HLoC) is a well-established psychosocial construct with demonstrated influence on preventive health behaviour. This study investigated the effect of a structured disease education programme on knowledge, attitude, and uptake of prostate cancer screening among male college students in Oyo State, Nigeria, and examined the moderating roles of health locus of control and religion.

Methods

A quasi-experimental pretest-post-test control group design with a 2x2x2 factorial matrix was adopted. Two hundred (200) male students were recruited from government-owned Colleges of Education in Oyo State using a multi-stage sampling technique. Participants in the experimental group received an eight-week structured prostate cancer disease education programme; the control group received personal hygiene education. Data were collected using validated instruments: the Knowledge of Prostate Cancer Screening Scale (KPCSS, α=0.78), Attitude Towards Prostate Cancer Screening Scale (ATPCSS, α=0.81), and Uptake of Prostate Cancer Screening Scale (UPCSS, α=0.77). Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was used to test hypotheses at p<0.05.

Results

Disease education significantly improved knowledge (F (1,192) =139.204, p<0.001, η²=0.420), attitude (F(1,192) =184.553, p<0.001, η²=0.490), and uptake (F (1,192) =143.890, p<0.001, η²=0.428) of prostate cancer screening. Locus of control had a significant main effect on uptake (F (1,192) =3.624, p=0.048, η²=0.019), with participants of external locus of control recording higher post-intervention uptake scores. Religion had no significant main effect on any outcome.

Conclusions

Disease education is an effective intervention for improving prostate cancer screening behaviour among male college students in Nigeria. Health locus of control differentially predicts screening uptake, with externally oriented individuals responding more strongly post-intervention.

Recommendation

Targeted health education programmes in tertiary institutions should incorporate psychosocial constructs such as locus of control to optimise uptake of cancer screening.

Lived experiences of individuals with diabetes mellitus and HIV comorbidity in Kyamulibwa Sub-County, Kalungu District. A cross-sectional study.

Sylivia Daphine Luwedde — 2026-06-01

Background:

The study aimed to explore the lived experiences of individuals with diabetes mellitus and HIV comorbidity in Kyamulibwa Sub-County, Kalungu District.

Methodology:

This study employed a narrative inquiry qualitative design to explore the lived experiences of individuals with both diabetes and HIV in Kyamulibwa Sub-County, Kalungu district. Participants were purposively selected from patients previously involved in a 2022 Medical Research Council study, with a sample size of 10–15 determined by data saturation. Data were collected through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured guide, audio-recorded, and conducted in participants’ homes. Thematic content analysis was applied using NVivo. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained, ensuring confidentiality, credibility, and rigorous data management throughout the study.

Results:

Thematic analysis revealed seven core themes that characterized the lived experiences of participants. These included adherence to treatment, where managing multiple medications and complex regimens proved challenging; health care accessibility and quality; psychosocial adaptation, as individuals adapted their lifestyles and identities in response to dual diagnoses; and emotional and psychological resilience, built through personal strength, spirituality, and support networks. Other key themes were social support and community engagement, where family, peer groups, and community organizations played a critical role; treatment and medication management; and health literacy and patient empowerment, which varied among participants and influenced their ability to manage both conditions effectively. Two additional themes emerged as major barriers to accessing care: health care access and systemic challenges, including drug stock-outs, limited integration of services, and financial constraints; and cultural and personal beliefs, which shaped illness perceptions and influenced treatment decisions.

Conclusion:

People with HIV and diabetes showed resilience but faced stigma, financial challenges, and fragmented healthcare, limiting effective management.

Recommendation:

The Ministry of Health and healthcare providers should strengthen integrated, patient-centred care with improved education and reliable medication supply.

Ambulatory blood pressure patterns and associated lifestyle behaviours in a cross-sectional study of young adult university students.

Charlotte Mungho Tata — 2026-06-01

Background:

Hypertension (HTN) is a significant silent health threat in all age groups, including young adults, often presenting no symptoms while causing long-term cardiovascular damage. This study aimed to explore ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) patterns, nocturnal BP changes, BP variability, morning BP surges, and the association between ABP and lifestyle factors in healthy university students.

Methods:

Demography, lifestyle, and family history of HTN were obtained using a questionnaire. ABP was measured using a portable automatic oscillometric monitor. Study participants were recruited from students enrolled at the University of Bamenda, Cameroon, who had no known history of cardiovascular disease and voluntarily agreed to collaborate. Data were analyzed using SPSS®, and the relationship between ABP parameters.

Results:

A total of 105 individuals participated in this study, and their mean age was 23.08±4.78. With a few exceptions, the mean BPs of males were slightly higher than those of females, with elevated 24HSBP of males significantly (p<0.02) higher than that of females and normal 24HDBP of males significantly (p<0.03) higher than that of females. The pulse rate of females at 60-100 bpm was significantly higher than that of males in the daytime (p<0.009) and at 24H (p<0.003). Most participants were non-dippers, with a mean SBP change of 5.12.7 mmHg and a mean DBP change of 5.49±2.6 mmHg. Morning surge in SBP was within 10-30 mmHg in 76 participants. Ambulatory BP was associated with salty food (> 5 g salt/day), sugar-sweetened beverages, insufficient sleep, and family history of HTN.

Conclusion:

Ambulatory BP monitoring is critical in detecting a comprehensive profile of BP patterns, and if used in combination with lifestyle patterns, will be crucial for tracking BP changes and, by extension, cardiovascular health in young adults.

Recommendation:

Thus, there’s a need for widespread ABP monitoring of healthy youngsters in order to prevent future cardiovascular disease.

Sonographic patterns of infra and supra-clavicular malignant lymph nodes in breast cancer patients at the Uganda cancer institute. A cross-sectional study.

CHRESPERS BIRENGESO — 2026-06-01

Background

At the Uganda Cancer Institute, the sonographic protocol for breast imaging in malignancies mainly focuses on the breast itself and level I axillary lymph nodes. Axillary Level II, level III plus supraclavicular ultrasound scans are not routinely requested and yet are vital in early detection of lesions even before they become clinically apparent.

Methodology

This was a hospital based cross-sectional study involving 378 breast cancer patients who were randomly sampled. Those with dual malignancies were excluded. Clinical evaluation of the breasts, the axilla, the sub-clavicular, the infra and supra clavicular areas was performed followed by sonographic examination by experienced sonographers and imaging technologists.

Results

Infraclavicular and supraclavicular sonographicaly malignant lymph nodes ranged from 0.13-3.8 cm in length with a mean of 2.2 cm. Most of the lymph nodes 58% maintained their oval shape and had changes in other areas such the capsular margins (45% being irregular), cortex thickened (71.8%), unclear corticomedullary boundaries (71.3%) hilar thinning, (68.5%), calcifications (21%), necrotic changes (27.6%), and presence of flow on color Doppler which when combined together, fit our criteria for classification of lymph node as malignant. Level V (the posterior triangle of the neck) had 47.4% of the supraclavicular lymph nodes.

Conclusion

The commonest stations for supraclavicular malignant lymph nodes were Level V (the posterior triangle of the neck). The presence of flow, possession of unclear corticomedullary boundaries, thickening of the cortex were among the commonest patterns in the malignant lymph nodes.

Recommendation

All medical imaging professionals particularly those doing sonography on cancer patients and suspected cancer patients should start including the scanning of axillary levels II, III and the supraclavicular areas (at least level V, III and VII) in their protocols in addition to the normal scanning of the breast and axillary level I only.

Histological Changes in the Human Cervix Uteri With Advancing Age: A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study From Assam

Santosh Kumar Sahu — 2026-06-12

Introduction

The uterine cervix is a dynamic biological barrier that undergoes significant structural changes due to aging and hormonal shifts. This study aims to quantify mucosal thickness and histological variations in the human cervix across different life stages in the Assamese population.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using 30 cervical specimens divided into three groups: Group A (25–35 years), Group B (36–49 years), and Group C (50+ years). Histological processing was performed using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Mucosal thickness was quantified digitally using Image J software.

Results

Mean mucosal thickness was 2.920 mm in Group A, 2.750 mm in Group B, and a statistically significant reduction was observed in Group C, where the mean mucosal thickness was 1.820 mm. Younger specimens showed thicker mucosa and well-developed cervical glands, whereas older specimens showed glandular atrophy and mucosal thinning. The squamocolumnar junction was identified in most specimens.

Conclusion

The cervix shows progressive mucosal thinning and glandular atrophy with advancing age, particularly after 50 years. These observations may serve as baseline histological data for future studies on cervical pathology in North-Eastern India.

Recommendation

The findings provide baseline histological data on age-related cervical changes and may assist anatomists, pathologists, and gynecologists in distinguishing normal aging changes from pathological alterations. Further studies with larger sample sizes and multicentric participation are recommended.

Age-Related Morphometric Changes of the Human Cervix Uteri in Lower Assam

Santosh Kumar Sahu — 2026-06-12

Background: Morphometric data of the human cervix is essential for surgical safety and diagnostic accuracy. This study aims to quantify age-related changes in cervical dimensions and weight.
Materials and Methods: 30 human cervical specimens were analyzed across three age groups: Group A (20–35 yrs), Group B (36–49 yrs), and Group C (50+ yrs). Length and breadth were measured using slide calipers, and weight was recorded in grams.
Results: Peak cervical length was observed in Group B (mean 2.670 cm), while Group C showed significant regression, with a mean cervical length of 2.120 cm. Mean weight dropped significantly from ~22.6 gm in reproductive years to 12.390 gm post-menopause.
Conclusions: The cervix reaches its maximal morphological dimensions in the fourth decade of life, followed by pronounced involution in the postmenopausal period.

Barriers to effective utilization of mobile health initiatives in the timely initiation of antenatal care among mothers living with HIV/AIDS in Kamuli district. A cross-sectional study.

Alan Bogere — 2026-06-01

Background:

Mobile health (mHealth) initiatives have shown significant promise in improving antenatal care (ANC) uptake among pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV). This study examined the barriers to effective utilization of mHealth initiatives in the timely initiation of ANC among mothers living with HIV/AIDS in Kamuli District, Uganda.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional phenomenological qualitative design was adopted. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 10–15 pregnant women living with HIV and 5 key informant health workers from health facilities implementing mHealth initiatives in Kamuli District. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and key informant interviews using a structured interview guide. Interviews lasting 45–60 minutes were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using Atlas. TI software, following both deductive and inductive approaches.

Results:

Most respondents were aged 25–30 years (40%), farmers/peasants (35%), and had attained primary education (40%). Seven key themes emerged as barriers to mHealth effectiveness: technological and network barriers, including poor connectivity and lack of compatible devices; privacy and confidentiality concerns regarding HIV status exposure; cultural beliefs conflicting with digital health adoption; financial constraints limiting access to data and smartphones; stigma and fear of HIV disclosure discouraging digital engagement; misinformation about mHealth and ANC services; and competing priorities and time constraints that reduced participants' capacity to engage with mHealth platforms.

Conclusion:

Despite the potential of mHealth to promote early ANC initiation among PWLHIV, its effectiveness in Kamuli District is significantly undermined by technological, socio-cultural, financial, and privacy-related barriers that collectively reduce uptake and engagement.

Recommendations:

Stakeholders should invest in rural network infrastructure, subsidize mobile data for PWLHIV, enforce robust data privacy regulations, design culturally sensitive and locally contextualized mHealth content, and integrate community-based approaches involving village health teams and local leaders to enhance mHealth reach and acceptability.

Profile and outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients requiring a caesarean section at an academic hospital in Johannesburg: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

Palesa Mogane — 2026-06-01

Background

The obstetrics population represents a significant proportion of patients who present to our hospital, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH). This study aims to determine the profile and outcomes of obstetric patients who are COVID-19 positive, requiring caesarean section.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional observational research study design was performed. The study population consisted of COVID-19 PCR-positive parturients undergoing caesarean section (CS) at CHBAH. A convenience contextual sampling method was used. Anaesthetic and maternal clinical records of 326 patients were reviewed during the period 1^stMarch 2020 to 31^st March 2021.

Results

One hundred and seventy-four patients with a median (interquartile range) age of 30 (IQR 26-37) years, a BMI of 26.6 (23.9-30.5) kg/m^2, and a median gestational age of 38 (37-39.5) weeks, were included in the study. Most of the patients were classified as ASA-PS 2 (81.6%) and underwent emergency procedures (86.8%). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence was 28.7%, with hypertension (5.7%) being the next most common comorbidity. Pregnancy-related complications were predominantly related to pre-eclampsia (24.1%). Preterm delivery occurred in 40.2% of cases. Thrombocytopenia was uncommon (2.8%), with cases attributable to HELLP syndrome or isolated findings. COVID-19 severity was predominantly mild, with no significant association found between HIV status and disease severity. The patient outcome showed 94% ward admission, 5% HCU/ICU admission, minimal need for inotropic support (0.6%), and overall length of stay (LOS) of 10 days. Mortality was low at 0.6%.

Conclusion

COVID-19 in the pregnant population did not result in poorer outcomes, which is in keeping with other studies in this field.

Recommendation

Maintain standard COVID-19 risk stratification irrespective of HIV status. Prioritise early detection and management of hypertensive disorders, strengthen antenatal care to reduce prematurity, and ensure preparedness for emergency caesarean sections with continued access to critical care and multidisciplinary support.

Environmental and dietary habits as determinants of polycystic ovarian syndrome among women of childbearing age in Ibadan metropolis. A cross-sectional study.

Rasheedah Adunni Abdulquadri — 2026-06-07

Background:

This study examined the roles of environmental factors (specifically climatic conditions), genetics, and dietary habits as potential contributors to PCOS among women of childbearing age in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Methods:

A descriptive correlational design was adopted. Data were collected using a self-developed, four-scale questionnaire with a Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of 0.77. Multistage sampling was employed: purposive sampling was used to select all state-owned primary health centres in Ibadan; disproportionate sampling selected 60% of these centres; and a further disproportionate technique selected 50% of nursing mothers from the chosen centres, yielding a sample of 400 respondents.

Results:

77(19.9%) of the respondents were between the age of 20 - 29 years, 135 (35%) were between the age of 30 - 39 years, 137 (35.5%) were aged 40 - 49 years with the least number of respondent 37 (9.6%) were aged 50 - above, with educational background (87.8%) and about (56%) were of the monogamous family type while (44%) were polygamous. Regarding the determinant of PCOS by the respondents, 25.1 % affirmed that Hormonal shifts throw off body temperature regulation, 20.8% testified that the environment also affects and causes irregular flow. Climatic conditions (β = .461, t = 8.777, p < 0.05), genetics (β = .443, t = 9.695, p < 0.05), and diet (β = .590, t = 5.032, p < 0.05) each had a statistically significant and notable impact on PCOS among women of childbearing age.

Conclusion:

It was established that climatic conditions, dietary habits, and genetic predisposition collectively and independently predicted PCOS among women of childbearing age in Ibadan. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of PCOS.

Recommendation:

The Ministry of Health/Women's Affairs needs to integrate public health interventions targeting lifestyle, environment, and genetics as risk factors to polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of infection prevention and control among health-care workers at a regional referral hospital in Uganda. A cross-sectional survey.

Henry Sembatya — 2026-06-01

Background:

The burden of hospital-acquired infections is highest in low- and middle-income countries, with rates of as high as 16% being documented, yet already burdened with a high prevalence of highly transmissible infectious diseases like Hepatitis B and HIV. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infection prevention and control (IPC) among healthcare workers (HCWs) at a tertiary regional referral hospital in Uganda.

Methods:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-tested structured questionnaire among 144 participants. The healthcare workers were selected through a systematic random sampling technique. Multivariate logistic regressions were computed to identify associated factors of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of infection prevention and control, with variables having a p-value < 0.05 being considered statistically significant.

Results:

The proportions of adequate knowledge, good attitude, and practices of IPC among HCWs were 85.2%, 82.3%, and 59.8%, respectively. Advanced age (OR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00–1.33, p-value = 0.040), male sex (OR 5.92, 95% CI: 1.02–34.5, p-value = 0.048), and longer years of work experience (OR 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00–0.47, p = 0.015) were significantly associated with high KAP scores above 70. However, having IPC training experience, the presence of infection prevention guidelines, and adequate PPE supply at the workstation did not show statistically significant associations with a KAP score above 70.

Conclusions:

The findings of this study revealed a good knowledge and attitude of infection prevention in the majority of healthcare workers, with a relatively minimal practice rate. Sociodemographic factors like age, sex, and work experience were associated with high KAP scores.

Recommendation:

Further qualitative research on behavioural factors associated with KAP on infection prevention and control is also recommended.

Pediatric renovascular hypertension due to fibromuscular dysplasia presenting with refractory hypertension and status epilepticus. A case study.

Gowda Amruthraj G — 2026-06-30

Introduction

Renovascular hypertension is an uncommon but important cause of secondary hypertension in children and may result in severe neurological complications if diagnosis is delayed. Fibromuscular dysplasia is a recognized cause of renal artery stenosis in the pediatric population.

Case Presentation

A 5-year-old girl presented with recurrent episodes of status epilepticus and refractory hypertension despite treatment with three antihypertensive medications. Magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated left renal artery stenosis with juxta-ostial occlusion and distal recanalization. A radionuclide scan revealed a non-functioning hypoplastic left kidney contributing only 0.9% of total renal function. Balloon angioplasty was attempted but was unsuccessful. The patient subsequently underwent laparoscopic left nephrectomy. Histopathological examination demonstrated fibromuscular dysplasia involving the renal artery. The postoperative course was uneventful, with gradual improvement in blood pressure control and reduction in antihypertensive requirements during follow-up.

Conclusion

This case highlights the importance of investigating secondary causes of hypertension in children presenting with refractory hypertension and neurological manifestations. Laparoscopic nephrectomy may be an effective treatment option in selected patients with a non-functioning kidney due to renovascular disease.

Take-away Lessons

Early recognition of renovascular hypertension in children is essential to prevent complications. Comprehensive imaging and functional assessment aid diagnosis, while timely surgical intervention can achieve favorable outcomes in appropriately selected patients.

Retrospective case series of the anaesthetic management and outcomes of patients with Rasmussen’s aneurysms at an academic hospital.

Hannah Elizabeth Stuart-Clark, MBChB, DA (SA) — 2026-06-16

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) has a high burden of disease in South Africa, and a Rasmussen’s aneurysm is a late complication of TB. Although rare, the risk for life-threatening complications is high (>50%). Pulmonary artery embolization (PAE) is a highly specialised, minimally invasive technique used for the management of haemoptysis caused by a Rasmussen’s aneurysm, which is not commonly performed in Lower Middle-Income Countries.

This study aimed to describe the periprocedural anaesthetic management and outcomes of patients presenting with Rasmussen’s aneurysms treated with PAE in the interventional radiology suite at an academic hospital.

Methods

This was a retrospective case series, and arterial embolization (AE) records were collected over the years. All patients identified with Rasmussen’s aneurysms were included in the study.

Results

The prevalence of Rasmussen’s aneurysms was 9%. Of the sixteen patients included in the study, thirteen were male, and three were female. Tuberculosis infection was noted in ten patients, and five patients had a current or previous history of smoking. The median duration of the general anaesthesia procedures was 4 hours 5 minutes (interquartile range 03:03 - 05:33), with nine cases done electively and eight done as emergencies. A total of 15 patients were intubated using double-lumen endotracheal tubes, and 12 patients were covered by both consultant and registrar anaesthesiology coverage. Median haemoglobin was 10.5g/dl, and eleven patients did not receive periprocedural blood transfusions. All patients were embolised successfully using metallic coils and sent to a high-dependency unit post-procedure.

Conclusion

This study provides several novel insights into the prevalence and anaesthetic management of Rasmussen’s aneurysms in patients presenting with haemoptysis for PAE.

Recommendation

The study recommends implementing multidisciplinary, protocol‑driven peri‑procedural care with thorough preoperative assessment, appropriate monitoring, skilled anaesthesia support, and postoperative high‑care management to optimise outcomes in patients with Rasmussen’s aneurysms.

A Narrative Review of Customary Power or Political Instrument: The Evolving Role of Traditional Leaders in Zimbabwe’s Decentralised Governance System.

Michael Oni — 2026-06-01

This study examines whether the evolving role of traditional leaders in Zimbabwe’s decentralised governance system reflects customary power or functions as a political instrument. Using a narrative review approach, the study synthesises existing literature on traditional leadership, decentralisation, and local governance to trace shifts in authority, legitimacy, and institutional positioning. It situates traditional leaders within both historical and contemporary governance frameworks, highlighting how their roles have been reshaped from pre-colonial and colonial periods to the post-independence decentralisation agenda. The analysis explores the formal and informal functions performed by traditional leaders, including community representation, dispute resolution, land administration, and participation in local development initiatives. It further examines their interaction with state institutions within decentralised governance structures, where they are expected to enhance grassroots participation, service delivery, and local accountability. At the same time, the study critically interrogates the influence of political dynamics, particularly the extent to which traditional leaders are integrated into formal state systems in ways that may align them with partisan interests. The findings reveal that traditional leaders operate within a hybrid governance space characterised by overlapping customary authority and state-driven political roles. While this dual positioning can strengthen local legitimacy and facilitate community-level governance, it also raises concerns about the autonomy and accountability of customary institutions. The study contributes to policy and governance debates by emphasising the need for clearer institutional frameworks that define and balance the roles of traditional leaders, safeguard their independence, and promote democratic decentralisation in Zimbabwe.

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Clinicopathological Study

Dr. Archana Bundela — 2026-06-24

Background:

This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-9 in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and to correlate these findings with histological grading.

Methods:

A prospective observational study was conducted on 100 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded oral tissue samples, including benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal MMP-9. Expression was graded based on staining intensity and proportion. Statistical significance was assessed using Chi-square tests.

Result:

A statistically significant association was found between MMP-9 expression (proportion and intensity) and histopathological diagnosis (p= 0.001). Higher expression scores correlated with increasing grades of epithelial dysplasia and poorer differentiation of OSCC.

Conclusion:

MMP-9 expression increases with disease severity and tumour aggressiveness in oral epithelial lesions. Its evaluation may serve as a useful adjunctive biomarker for understanding tumour progression and improving prognostic assessment. Larger multicentric studies are recommended to validate its clinical utility.

Determinants of mental well-being among students at St. Bernard’s Manya Secondary School, Rakai District, Uganda: A cross-sectional study.

Godfrey Mugisa — 2026-06-30

Introduction:

Adolescent mental well-being is an increasing public health concern, particularly in low-resource settings where multiple social, academic, and environmental stressors intersect. This study was conducted to assess determinants of mental well-being among secondary school students in Rakai District, Uganda.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2025 among 200 students from Senior Two to Senior Six at St. Bernard’s Manya Secondary School in Rakai District, Uganda. Stratified random sampling ensured equal representation across class levels, and simple random sampling was used for enrollment of participants. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results:

A total of 200 students participated, with a mean age of 16.3 ± 1.5 years. The majority were aged 15–16 years (51%, n = 102). Females constituted 63% (n = 126) of the sample, while males accounted for 37% (n = 74). A high proportion of students reported experiencing academic pressure (90%, n = 180), while nearly all respondents reported challenges related to adolescent transitions (97%, n = 194). More than half indicated a lack of peer emotional support (61%, n = 122) and exposure to substance use (56%, n = 112). Bullying was widely reported, with 83% (n = 166) experiencing it either occasionally or frequently. Over 60% (n = 120) of students indicated financial-related peer competition, 72% (n = 144) perceived school rules as unfair, and 51% (n = 102) reported inadequate teacher support for mental well-being.

Conclusion:

Mental well-being among secondary school students is influenced by a complex interplay of individual, social, and school-related factors, with academic pressure and school environment emerging as key determinants. Strengthening school-based mental health programs, promoting fair and supportive school policies, and addressing bullying and substance use are critical for improving student mental well-being.

Antenatal Depressive Symptoms and Neurodevelopment Outcomes in Children at 24 Months in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Prospective Cohort Observational Study.

Rati Ranjan Sethy — 2026-06-30

Background

Maternal psychological health during pregnancy can significantly influence fetal neurodevelopment and long-term child outcomes. Antenatal depressive symptoms may adversely affect cognitive, language, motor, and socio-emotional development in offspring. However, evidence from resource-constrained settings in eastern India remains limited.

Objective

To evaluate the association between antenatal depressive symptoms and neurodevelopmental outcomes among children at 24 months of age attending a tertiary care hospital.

Methods

A prospective cohort observational study was conducted among 60 mother–child dyads at a tertiary care hospital in Odisha. Pregnant women were screened for depressive symptoms during antenatal visits and categorized into depressive symptom-positive and negative groups. Children were followed until 24 months, and neurodevelopment was assessed across cognitive, language, motor, and social domains. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-test, correlation, and logistic regression analyses.

Results

Among 60 mothers, 22 (36.7%) had antenatal depressive symptoms. Children exposed to maternal depressive symptoms had significantly lower cognitive (84.7±8.5 vs 95.6±7.2, p<0.001), language (82.9±9.1 vs 93.8±8.0, p<0.001), and social functioning scores (80.3±10.4 vs 91.5±8.2, p<0.001). Developmental delay was more common among exposed children (40.9% vs 13.2%, p=0.018). Antenatal depressive symptoms independently predicted developmental delay (Adjusted OR=3.41, 95% CI: 1.18–9.84).

Conclusion

Antenatal depressive symptoms were significantly associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months. Early identification and intervention may improve developmental outcomes.

Recommendation

Routine antenatal screening for depressive symptoms and early developmental surveillance of exposed children should be integrated into maternal healthcare services.

Effect of social gambling on the mental well-being of the youth in Nakawa Division, Kampala District, Uganda. A cross-sectional study.

Albert Louis Elwa — 2026-06-01

Background:

The effect of social gambling is most pronounced on social and environmental well-being. The study aims to analyse the effect of social gambling on the mental well-being of the youth in Nakawa Division, Kampala District, Uganda.

Methodology:

A quantitative cross-sectional study. The target population was all youth in Nakawa Division, Kampala. The accessible population comprised youth in four randomly selected parishes in Nakawa Division, totaling about 11,050 youth.

Results:

There was a significant effect of social gambling on mental well-being (β=.139, p=.007). The study results show that social gambling significantly accounted for 1.9% of the variance in mental well-being (R² = .0.19, F (1,369), p =.007). The regression coefficient for social gambling was 1.093, with a standard error of 0.405. This implies that for every unit increase in social gambling behaviour, mental well-being increases by 1.093 units. The positive relationship between social gambling and mental well-being was found to be statistically significant (t (369) = 2.701, p=0.007). R² is below 0.25, indicating that the effect size is small. The R²of 0.019 obtained in the present regression model indicates that social gambling behaviour plays a less substantial role in mental well-being. The majority of the participants had attained Advanced Level (A-level) education (37.9%) as their highest level of education.

Conclusion:

Social gambling has a weak but statistically significant positive relationship with youth mental well-being, mainly influencing social and environmental well-being. Social gambling appears to provide opportunities for peer bonding and recreation, which may offer temporary psychological benefits.

Recommendations:

It is recommended that the Ministry of Education and Sports and the National Council for Higher Education introduce courses and modules on problem gambling in universities and other higher learning institutions.

Evaluating the pericapsular nerve group block in hip fracture patients: A prospective observational cohort study.

Lesedi Mothiba — 2026-06-04

Background

This study aimed to assess the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block combined with a spinal anaesthetic compared to only a spinal anaesthetic in patients presenting for hip fracture surgery. The objectives were to determine the ability of a patient to sit for a spinal anaesthetic, rest, dynamic hip pain scores, and the incidence of lower limb motor blockade following the block. Furthermore, time to first request for opioid analgesia post-operatively and the total opioid consumption in morphine equivalents were determined.

Methods

A prospective, observational study with 40 participants who were recruited via purposive sampling. Participants receiving the PENG block combined with a spinal anaesthetic were allocated to the PENG block (Group P, n = 20) and those receiving only a spinal anaesthetic (Group C, n = 20). Group P received bupivacaine 0.25% 20ml injected into the target site in the block area, followed by spinal after 30 minutes in theatre. Group C received a spinal only.

Results

There were no significant differences in participants’ characteristics. Group P had 90% of the participants able to sit adequately without IV analgesia for a spinal versus 45% in Group C. Group P had statistically significantly lower rest (p<0.001) and dynamic (p<0.001) pain scores compared to Group C at 30 minutes following PENG block injection (T1). Thirteen (65%) participants in Group P did not have motor blockade as they were able to lift the blocked leg to 15 degrees at T1. A longer duration to first opioid analgesia required was found in Group P (p <0.001). The total IV morphine equivalent analgesic requirement for Group C was almost double that required for Group P (p = 0.009).

Conclusion

PENG block combined with spinal anaesthesia is better compared to spinal anaesthesia only.

Recommendations

A randomised controlled trial with a larger sample size is recommended.

A Prospective Observational Study of Incidence and Predictors of Contralateral Patent Processus Vaginalis in Children Presenting with Unilateral Inguinal Hernia.

Kavita Tirkey — 2026-06-30

Background:

Pediatric inguinal hernia is among the most common surgical conditions in children and is associated with persistence of the processus vaginalis. Contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) may progress to metachronous contralateral inguinal hernia requiring additional surgical intervention. Identifying predictors of CPPV may help reduce unnecessary contralateral exploration.

Aim:

To determine the incidence and predictors of contralateral patent processus vaginalis in children presenting with unilateral inguinal hernia.

Methods:

A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, from January 2022 to December 2023. One hundred children aged below 14 years with unilateral inguinal hernia were included. Patients with bilateral, recurrent, or complicated hernias were excluded. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed intraoperatively to assess the contralateral internal ring. Variables studied included age, sex, hernia side, prematurity, family history, and demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results:

Among the 100 participants, male children were the majority, and most were aged 2–5 years. CPPV was identified in 32% of cases. A significantly higher incidence was observed in children younger than 2 years, those with left-sided hernia, and premature infants (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

CPPV showed a considerable incidence among children with unilateral inguinal hernia.

Recommendation:

Younger age, prematurity, and left-sided hernia were significant predictors. Selective laparoscopic assessment of high-risk children is recommended to reduce future metachronous hernia and avoid repeated surgery.

A retrospective study of the peri-operative outcomes of obstetric patients with cardiac disease, presenting for a caesarean section, under regional anaesthesia at a quaternary hospital.

Oyena Nomvalo — 2026-06-04

Background

Cardiac disease in pregnancy remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity with increased risk of major adverse cardiac events. This retrospective study aims to analyse the anaesthetic management and the peri-operative outcomes in this patient population.

Methods

The database of pregnant cardiac patients, who delivered at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital (IALCH) from 1^st July 2018 until 31^st December 2022 was retrieved. Records of patients who delivered via a caesarean section performed under regional anaesthesia were selected, and their charts were reviewed for the type of anaesthetic and any occurrence of major adverse cardiac events.

Results

305 patients were included in the study period. 247 patients were operated under regional anaesthesia, and 58 were operated under general anaesthesia. Maternal cardiac events occurred in 4.3%. The most frequent neuraxial technique was spinal anaesthesia in 58.7%, followed by combined spinal anaesthesia (CSE) at 29.6%. A high modified WHO risk score was associated with increased rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Conclusion

The study suggests that regional anaesthesia may be used in high-risk cardiac obstetric patients without an unexpected high incidence of MACE, supporting its cautious use in appropriately selected patients within specialised centres.

Recommendations

Regional anaesthesia should be considered as the first-line anaesthetic technique in appropriately selected pregnant cardiac patients for caesarean section.

Correlation of C-Reactive Protein Level with Glycemic Control in Diabetic Foot Patients and Its Sequelae: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Dr. Akasam Ramu — 2026-06-30

Background:

Diabetic foot ulcer is a serious lower-extremity complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is strongly influenced by infection, vascular compromise, neuropathy, and adequacy of glycemic control. C-reactive protein is an accessible inflammatory marker that can support risk assessment in patients with infected or progressive diabetic foot lesions.

Objectives:

To assess the relationship between C-reactive protein levels and glycemic control among patients with diabetic foot and to evaluate its association with healing and amputation outcomes.

Methods:

This prospective observational study included 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot admitted to the Department of General Surgery, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, from January 2024 to December 2024. Fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, and C-reactive protein were measured. Ulcer severity was graded using Wagner’s classification. Patients received institutional medical and surgical care, and outcomes were classified as healed or amputated. Descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact test, and correlation analysis were used.

Results:

Fasting blood sugar ranged from 126 to 225 mg/dL, and postprandial blood sugar ranged from 200 to 398 mg/dL. Wagner grade 1 was the most common presentation. Overall, 89 patients healed, and 11 underwent amputation. C-reactive protein was above 40 mg/L in 34 patients. All amputations occurred in this elevated C-reactive protein group, while no amputation was recorded among patients with C-reactive protein below 40 mg/L. C-reactive protein showed statistically significant positive correlations with postprandial blood sugar and fasting blood sugar.

Conclusion:

Elevated C-reactive protein was associated with poor glycemic control, greater ulcer severity, delayed wound recovery, and amputation risk in diabetic foot patients.

Recommendations:

Routine combined assessment of glycemic indices, ulcer grade, and C-reactive protein should be used for early risk stratification and timely multidisciplinary care.

Erector spinae plane block versus local anaesthesia instillation via the surgical drain in mastectomy patients at a tertiary institution

Neo Motaung — 2026-06-24

Background: Analgesic strategies for breast cancer surgeries continue to evolve, with the focus on reducing reliance on opioids and improving recovery. The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and local anaesthesia (LA) instillation via the surgical drain represent two distinct approaches. The primary objective was to compare postoperative pain scores using the universal pain assessment tool (UPAT) between the two groups at 6 and 24 hours.

Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted in 66 female patients, aged over 18 years, classified ASA I-III and scheduled for elective unilateral mastectomy. Using purposive sampling, participants were allocated into Group E (n=33), who received ESPB with 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline before induction. In comparison, Group L (n=33) received postoperative instillation of 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine via the surgical drain.

Results: Group E had significantly lower postoperative pain scores at 6 hours, median (1 vs 3, p=0.013) and 24 hours, median (1 vs 3, p<0.001), with a medium to large effect size at 24 hours. Group E required significantly less intraoperative morphine, median (3 mg vs 6 mg), p<0.001, experiencing longer time to first opioid request, median (10.4 vs 8.1 hours, p=0.03) and required less postoperative intravenous tramadol (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in the intraoperative analgesia and adjuvant requirements. The patients and surgical characteristics were comparable between the groups. No complications were reported in either group, and Group E showed higher patient satisfaction compared to Group L.

Conclusion: The ESPB provided more effective and superior postoperative analgesia than LA instillation via the surgical drain, as evidenced by the significantly lower pain scores and perioperative opioid consumption.

Recommendations: The authors recommend a randomised control trial comparing ESPB, TPVB and PEC with a large sample size, and presentation of research to breast surgeons to emphasise a paradigm shift.

The incidence and impact of cancellations of elective paediatric surgery at a quaternary hospital in South Africa: A retrospective cohort design.

Sinenkosi Dladla — 2026-06-24

Background

Cancellation of elective paediatric surgery remains a significant challenge in resource-constrained healthcare systems. These impose emotional, financial, and logistical burdens on patients, families, and healthcare institutions, while potentially compromising patient outcomes.

Objectives

To determine the incidence and causes of cancellations of elective paediatric surgical procedures at a South African quaternary academic hospital.

Methods

A retrospective cohort review was conducted of paediatric patients scheduled for elective surgery at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2019.

Results

During the study period, 2,098 elective paediatric surgical procedures were scheduled. Of these, 778 procedures were cancelled (37.1%). The median age of patients was 3 years (IQR 0–7), and 65% were male. Institutional factors accounted for most cancellations at first booking (59.7%). The leading institutional causes were time constraints (57.5%) and unavailability of intensive care or high-care beds (21.5%). Parent-related factors contributed 22.3% of first cancellations, patient-related factors accounted for 15.5% of cancellations, with medical unfitness and respiratory tract infections being the most common reasons. Repeated cancellations were common, and 182 patients (8.7%) were ultimately lost to follow-up. Following cancellation, a notable proportion of patients later required emergency surgery, while three patients died before undergoing their planned procedures.

Conclusion

Elective paediatric surgery cancellations occurred at a high rate, largely driven by institutional resource limitations. Repeated cancellations, loss to follow-up, emergency surgical conversion, and mortality highlight the potential consequences of delayed surgical care.

Recommendations

Targeted interventions should focus on improving operating theatre efficiency, reducing time-related cancellations, and expanding access to intensive care and high-care beds. Establishment of a dedicated preoperative assessment clinic and enhanced communication with caregivers may decrease cancellations. Future prospective studies should evaluate the long-term clinical, psychosocial, and economic consequences of surgical cancellations and assess the effectiveness of quality-improvement interventions.

Anaesthetists’ peri-operative off-label use of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in paediatric patients at a Johannesburg academic hospital: A descriptive study.

Esaias Janse van Rensburg — 2026-06-24

Background

The use of alpha (α)-2 adrenergic agonists, specifically clonidine and dexmedetomidine, has increased in paediatric anaesthesia due to their sedative and opioid-sparing properties. However, their use remains largely off-label, leading to variability in clinical practice. This study aimed to describe the peri-operative administration patterns, dosing, and safety of these agents at a high-volume South African academic hospital.

Methods

A retrospective, cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH). Clinical records of 300 children (aged 0–14 years) who received either clonidine (n = 152) or dexmedetomidine (n = 148) between April and June 2025 were analysed. Data on demographics, surgical discipline, ASA physical status, dosing, and adverse events were extracted and compared.

Results

Dexmedetomidine was preferentially used in patients with higher American Society of Anaesthesiologists classifications (ASA) and those undergoing burns surgery (p < 0.05). Clonidine was more frequently utilized in orthopaedic procedures and via the caudal route. The intravenous (IV) route was dominant (91%), with most agents administered intra-operatively as a bolus. Median IV doses were 0.77 mcg/kg for clonidine and 0.54 mcg/kg for dexmedetomidine. Side effects, including hypotension (<2%) and hypothermia (<5%), were rare and not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions

Both clonidine and dexmedetomidine are utilized frequently and safely as off-label adjuncts in this setting. While dexmedetomidine is favoured for physiologically vulnerable patients, clonidine remains a routinely used, cost-effective alternative. The local dosing practices are more conservative than international benchmarks, with minimal adverse events observed.

Recommendations

The findings of this study support the continued use of clonidine and dexmedetomidine as perioperative adjuncts in paediatric anaesthesia. Development of local institutional guidelines may assist in promoting greater consistency in practice. Regular audit of prescribing patterns and adverse events should be encouraged to support safe off-label use of α-2 adrenergic agonists in paediatric patients.

Artificial intelligence in preoperative assessment of gallbladder polyps.

Dr Prince Pankaj — 2026-06-15

Background

Gallbladder polyps (GBPs) are increasingly detected due to widespread use of ultrasonography. Although most polyps are benign, certain characteristics can indicate malignancy, necessitating surgical intervention. Differentiating benign from malignant polyps preoperatively remains a diagnostic challenge, often leading to unnecessary cholecystectomies. Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, has emerged as a promising tool in enhancing diagnostic accuracy.

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the role of AI-based imaging analysis in the preoperative assessment of gallbladder polyps to improve diagnostic precision and reduce unnecessary surgical procedures.

Methods

A retrospective dataset of 420 patients with diagnosed gallbladder polyps was analyzed. Ultrasonographic and radiologic images were processed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on annotated cases classified by histopathological outcomes. The model evaluated polyp size, echogenicity, base attachment, and growth patterns. Statistical comparisons were made between AI prediction outcomes and actual histopathology reports. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated.

Results

The AI model demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.3% and specificity of 87.6% in differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic polyps. It achieved an overall diagnostic accuracy of 89.2%, outperforming human radiologists whose average diagnostic accuracy was 74.5%. Notably, the AI algorithm reduced false positives in polyps <10mm, which traditionally lead to overtreatment. ROC curve analysis yielded an AUC of 0.93, indicating high diagnostic reliability. Integration of clinical metadata (e.g., age, BMI, and lipid profile) further improved performance metrics.

Conclusion

AI-driven analysis of gallbladder polyp imaging provides a valuable adjunct in preoperative decision-making. Its superior diagnostic performance compared to conventional radiology holds promise for minimizing unnecessary surgeries and optimizing patient outcomes. Future multicentric studies and prospective validation are necessary before clinical implementation.

Pattern of Thyroid Dysfunction and Its Association with Metabolic Parameters among Adults Attending a General Medicine Clinic: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Dr . Saraswathi Banavath — 2026-06-26

Background:

Thyroid dysfunction is frequent in adult outpatient practice and may coexist with major metabolic abnormalities.

Objective:

To assess the pattern of thyroid dysfunction and its association with metabolic parameters among adults attending a General Medicine clinic.

Methods:

This cross-sectional observational study included 100 adults attending the General Medicine clinic at Government Medical College, Nizamabad, Telangana, India, from January to December 2025. Demographic details, anthropometry, thyroid profile, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profile were recorded. Participants were classified as euthyroid or having thyroid dysfunction. Metabolic parameters were compared using the independent t-test and chi-square test.

Results:

The mean age was 43.8 ± 12.6 years, and 58.0% were females. Thyroid dysfunction was observed in 38.0%; subclinical hypothyroidism was most common (20.0%), followed by overt hypothyroidism (10.0%), subclinical hyperthyroidism (5.0%), and overt hyperthyroidism (3.0%). Thyroid dysfunction was more frequent among females than males (46.6% vs. 26.2%; χ²=4.28, p=0.039). Compared with euthyroid adults, those with thyroid dysfunction had higher BMI (28.1 ± 4.5 vs. 25.3 ± 3.8 kg/m², p=0.002), waist circumference (94.2 ± 11.1 vs. 86.8 ± 9.6 cm, p=0.001), HbA1c (6.5 ± 1.1% vs. 5.9 ± 0.8%, p=0.006), total cholesterol (207.8 ± 42.5 vs. 178.4 ± 34.6 mg/dL, p<0.001), triglycerides (181.9 ± 61.8 vs. 142.6 ± 52.4 mg/dL, p=0.001), and LDL cholesterol (130.6 ± 35.4 vs. 104.8 ± 28.7 mg/dL, p<0.001). Metabolic syndrome was more frequent with thyroid dysfunction (60.5% vs. 24.2%; χ²=13.20, p<0.001).

Conclusion:

Thyroid dysfunction, mainly subclinical hypothyroidism, was common and significantly associated with adverse metabolic parameters.

Recommendations:

Thyroid screening should be considered in adults with obesity, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome.

Role of procalcitonin levels in progression of staging of chronic kidney disease: A retrospective observational study.

Ayushi Chaudhari — 2026-06-11

Background:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with chronic inflammation and progressive deterioration of renal function. Procalcitonin, traditionally used as a marker of bacterial infection, has been reported to be elevated in CKD patients even in the absence of infection.

Objectives:

To evaluate the association between serum procalcitonin levels and the severity and progression of chronic kidney disease.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study was conducted at Naraina Hospital & Research Center, Uttar Pradesh, India, over one year. Medical records of 200 adult CKD patients were reviewed. Patients with acute infections, sepsis, dialysis dependency, renal transplantation, or incomplete records were excluded. CKD staging was determined using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Associations between procalcitonin levels, CKD stage, and disease progression were analyzed using ANOVA, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis.

Results:

Mean procalcitonin levels increased significantly across CKD stages, from 0.08±0.03 ng/mL in stages 1–2 to 0.85±0.26 ng/mL in stage 5 (p<0.001). Patients with CKD stage progression had significantly higher procalcitonin levels compared with patients without progression (0.64±0.21 vs. 0.22±0.10 ng/mL; p<0.001). Procalcitonin demonstrated a significant negative correlation with eGFR (r=-0.71, p<0.001) and a positive correlation with serum creatinine (r=0.68, p<0.001).

Conclusion:

Serum procalcitonin levels increase significantly with advancing CKD stage and are associated with disease progression. Elevated procalcitonin may reflect chronic inflammation and impaired renal clearance rather than infection alone.

Recommendation:

Procalcitonin should be interpreted cautiously in CKD patients and may be considered as an adjunct biomarker for monitoring disease severity and progression. Prospective multicenter studies are recommended to validate its prognostic utility.

Comparative Study of Functional Outcomes in Limb Salvage versus Amputation in Osteosarcoma Patients.

Rahul Anshuman — 2026-06-30

Background:

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor among adolescents and young adults. Advances in chemotherapy and reconstructive techniques have increased the use of limb salvage surgery as an alternative to amputation. However, comparative data regarding functional outcomes in resource-limited settings remain limited.

Aim:

To compare the functional outcomes of limb salvage surgery and amputation in osteosarcoma patients attending a tertiary care hospital.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study was conducted over two years at a tertiary care hospital and included 35 histopathologically confirmed osteosarcoma patients who underwent either limb salvage surgery or amputation. Demographic details, treatment modality, postoperative complications, mobility, and functional outcomes were collected from hospital records. Functional outcome was assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring system. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Chi-square test.

Results:

The mean age of participants was 18.4 years, with males constituting 62.9% (n=22) of the study population. Limb salvage surgery was performed in 22 (62.9%) patients, while 13 (37.1%) underwent amputation. The mean MSTS score was significantly higher in the limb salvage group compared with the amputation group (25.6 vs. 18.2; p=0.01). Patients undergoing limb salvage demonstrated better mobility and overall satisfaction. Postoperative complications included infection (17.1%), phantom limb pain (14.3%), local recurrence (11.4%), and implant failure (8.6%).

Conclusion:

Limb salvage surgery provides superior functional outcomes and improved quality of life compared with amputation despite a higher risk of postoperative complications.

Recommendation:

Limb salvage surgery should be considered whenever oncologically feasible, while ensuring careful patient selection, multidisciplinary care, and long-term follow-up.

Pattern of Osteosarcoma Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Bihar: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Rahul Anshuman — 2026-06-30

Background

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) and is characterized by aggressive local growth and early metastasis. Regional data regarding osteosarcoma patterns in Bihar are limited.

Aim

To analyze the demographic, clinical, radiological, and histopathological patterns of osteosarcoma among AYA patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Bihar.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted between January 2024 and June 2025 at a tertiary care hospital in Bihar. Medical records of 40 histopathologically confirmed osteosarcoma patients aged 10–39 years were reviewed. Demographic and clinicopathological variables, including age, sex, tumor location, histological subtype, stage at presentation, and metastatic status, were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Chi-square test was used, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Among 40 patients, 26 (65.0%) were males, and 14 (35.0%) were females. The mean age was 19.8±6.4 years. The distal femur (45.0%) was the most common tumor site, followed by the proximal tibia (30.0%). Osteoblastic osteosarcoma was the predominant histological subtype (60.0%). Metastatic disease at diagnosis was observed in 27.5% of patients. Delayed presentation (>6 months) was significantly associated with metastatic disease (p=0.018).

Conclusion

Osteosarcoma predominantly affected adolescent males and frequently involved bones around the knee joint. Delayed presentation contributed significantly to advanced disease.

Recommendation

Early recognition of persistent bone pain and strengthening referral pathways are recommended to facilitate timely diagnosis and improve outcomes.

Human hydatidosis: A retrospective analysis in Duhok city, Kurdistan region of Iraq.

arshad Mohammad Abdullah — 2026-06-15

Background

Human hydatidosis is one of the important zoonotic infections that causes public health concerns among individuals. The present study aimed to study the epidemiological properties of hydatidosis infection in Duhok governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Methodology

In the current study, a total of 55 patients with hydatidosis were recorded from January 2025 to February 2026, and all patients’ information was tabulated in tables.

Results:

Infected males and females were recorded in 47.3% and 52.7%, respectively, with 58.2% of infection in the liver, 27.3% in the lung, and 14.5% in other organs. The highest infected age group was 16–30 years with 40% of infection, and according to residence distribution, 60% of infection occurred in rural areas, and 40% in urban areas. Regarding occupation, the higher infection rate were shown in unemployed individuals (47.3 %), and higher rate of infected patients were recorded with single hydatid cyst (74.5 %), and about diagnosis, 43% of patients were diagnosed by ultrasound methods and 56.4 % with other diagnostic methods, and according to treatment types, 83.6 % were recorded in surgical method and 16.4 % in Non-surgical methods.

Conclusion

According to this study, we can conclude that there are important points that influence the prevalence of hydatidosis among individuals, which are exposure to transmission factors, socioeconomic status, and the lifestyle of people.

Recommendation

Study the role of stray dogs, vegetables, and water sources in the transmission of parasites. A study about different techniques in the diagnosis of parasites and molecular characterization studies about the Echinococcus granulosus parasite.

Advances in imaging techniques for thyroid disease: ultrasound, elastography, and beyond – A prospective observational cross-sectional study.

Shikhar Saxena — 2026-06-01

Background

Accurate differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules is essential for appropriate management and early detection of thyroid cancer. While ultrasonography (USG) is the primary imaging modality for thyroid evaluation, its specificity is limited by overlapping features between benign and malignant lesions. Elastography and other advanced imaging techniques have emerged as valuable adjuncts to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Methods

This prospective observational cross-sectional study included 110 adult patients with suspected thyroid disease over 11 months. All participants underwent conventional ultrasonography and elastography, while selected cases received advanced imaging, including contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and Doppler vascularity assessment. Imaging findings were correlated with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathological examination. Diagnostic performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and Chi-square testing, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

Among the 110 patients, 78 (70.9%) had benign lesions, and 32 (29.1%) had malignant lesions. Ultrasonography demonstrated a sensitivity of 85.2%, specificity of 72.5%, and accuracy of 78.9%. Elastography showed superior performance with a sensitivity of 90.6%, specificity of 84.3%, and accuracy of 87.3%. The combined use of ultrasonography and elastography achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy (90.9%) and showed a statistically significant improvement compared with individual modalities (p=0.008). Elastography scores of 4–5 were significantly associated with malignancy (p=0.001). Hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, and irregular margins were also significantly associated with malignant lesions.

Conclusion

Elastography significantly enhances the diagnostic performance of conventional ultrasonography. A multimodal imaging approach improves diagnostic accuracy and may reduce unnecessary invasive procedures.

Recommendation

Routine incorporation of elastography alongside conventional ultrasonography is recommended for comprehensive evaluation of thyroid nodules and improved early detection of thyroid malignancy.

The prevalence and factors associated with wasting and stunting among adolescent girls aged 10-19 years in Kaabong District, Karamoja Sub-Region. A cross-sectional study.

Scovia Adengo — 2026-06-25

Background.

In the Karamoja sub-region, Uganda, adolescent girls face multiple challenges, including food insecurity, limited access to nutritious diets, and socio-cultural barriers that may predispose them to undernutrition. This study assessed the Prevalence and factors associated with wasting and Stunting among Adolescent Girls Aged 10-19 Years in Kaabong District, Karamoja Sub-Region.

Methodology.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls aged 10-19 years across four town councils in Kaabong. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements (MUAC and BMI-for-age Z scores). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with wasting and stunting.

Results.

The prevalence of wasting was 42.2% and stunting 52.9%, indicating substantial nutritional deficits. Multivariate analysis revealed that adolescents aged 15–19 years were 46% less likely to be wasted (AOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 3.907–12.735, p=0.039) but 2.54 times more likely to be stunted (AOR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.066–7.824, p=0.002). Adolescents consuming three or more meals per day were 67% less likely to be wasted (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 8.899–19.354, p<0.001) and 1.72 times less likely to be stunted (AOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 5.834–15.735, p=0.002). Household size (>5 members) increased the odds of stunting 2.2-fold (AOR: 2.20, 95% CI: 6.451–17.965, p=0.022), while high wealth index reduced the likelihood of wasting by 45% (AOR: 0.55, 95% CI: 2.857–16.347, p=0.046). Illness history and limited access to nutritious diets were additional significant predictors.

Conclusion.

Wasting and stunting are highly prevalent among adolescent girls in Kaabong District, with age, meal frequency, household size, economic status, and recent illness significantly influencing nutritional outcomes.

Recommendations.

Nutrition-specific interventions targeting early adolescents, promotion of dietary diversity, improved access to nutrition services, household food security initiatives, and health education are urgently needed to mitigate undernutrition in this population.

Knowledge and preventive strategies of childhood domestic injuries among nursing mothers in Edo State: a cross-sectional study.

Eunice Lucky IRIMONRE — 2026-06-09

Background:

Childhood domestic injuries remain a significant public health concern, particularly among children under five years who spend most of their time in the home environment.

Objective:

This study assessed the knowledge and preventive strategies of childhood domestic injuries among nursing mothers attending Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in Edo State, Nigeria.

Methods:

A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was adopted. The study population comprised 44,732 nursing mothers attending PHC facilities in Edo State between January and October 2023. A sample of 447 respondents was selected using a multistage sampling technique, and 399 valid responses were analyzed. Data were collected using a validated self-structured questionnaire (KPSCHDIQ), which yielded a test–retest reliability coefficient of 0.82. Descriptive statistics were used to answer the research questions, while linear regression analysis was employed to test the hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance.

Results:

The findings revealed that 62.9% of respondents had moderate knowledge of childhood domestic injuries, 21.8% had high knowledge, and 15.3% had low knowledge. Preventive strategies were inconsistently practiced, with most respondents reporting that they sometimes engaged in safety measures such as removing hazardous objects, supervising children, and safely storing chemicals. However, critical measures such as installing window guards and using child-resistant devices were rarely practiced. Regression analysis indicated that knowledge did not significantly predict preventive strategies (β = 0.008, p = 0.869).

Conclusion:

Although nursing mothers demonstrated moderate knowledge of childhood domestic injuries, this knowledge did not significantly translate into consistent preventive practices. This suggests that other contextual factors, such as socioeconomic conditions and access to safety resources, may influence the adoption of preventive measures.

Recommendations

Community-based awareness campaigns should be organized to educate caregivers on the importance of maintaining safe home environments and adopting comprehensive injury prevention practices.

Data quality, cancer burden, and disparities in oncology care reported in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: a retrospective longitudinal descriptive observational study of data from the National Health Information System from 2017 to 2025.

Pascal Atuba Mamenepi — 2026-06-24

Introduction

The availability of high-quality data is an essential condition for quantifying the burden of disease, supporting healthcare decision-making, and rigorously assessing equitable access to oncology care.

Objective: This study aims to analyze data completeness, temporal trends in cancer, and disparities in oncological care reported in Kinshasa.

Methods

A retrospective longitudinal descriptive observational study was conducted. The Kinshasa National Health Information System from 2017 to 2025 served as the data source. Cancer types, chemotherapy, morphine use, and mortality were examined. Data completeness was determined using these indicators as well as by health zone classification. Temporal trends were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (α=0.05).

Results

Data completeness was high for cancers (>70–90%), low for chemotherapy (<50%), and poor for morphine (≤40%), with marked geographical disparities. The number of reported cancer cases increased from 2017 to 2019 (4,633 vs. 7,926) with a drop in 2021 (3,861 cases), then recovered to reach its highest level in 2024 (11,514 cases). Unspecified cancers accounted for more than 75% of cases. Chemotherapy use decreased in 2020 and 2023, but reporting of morphine access increased after 2021 (from 29 to 107 patients in 2025). The case fatality rate peaked in 2021 (4.30%) and decreased between 2024 and 2025 (≈1.5–1.9%). The trends in the analysis were heterogeneous across areas.

Conclusion

The results highlight deficiencies in the quality of health data reporting and disparities in access to the continuum of cancer care in Kinshasa. This underscores the need for improved data archiving services and the classification of different cancer types.

Recommendation

Thus, it is necessary to consolidate the health information system by harmonizing and standardizing cancer coding, systematically digitizing data, optimizing health archiving devices, and implementing measures to reduce inequalities in access to oncological care.